Psychology Phobias Coursework Essay

The domain studied for this study is phobias, by adapting the work of Bennett levy and Marteau.The alternative surmisal was whether the participant disliked a particular thing about the wildcat in particular it being probably to bite, being ugly, or having a strange texture, they will also give a high forethought rating.A survey was completed by 30 participants aged over sixteen years old, using an opportunity sample, to find their opinions about how likely the variables atomic number 18 likely to occur.The principle finding was all the variable results gave a positive significant correlation.The main implications of the findings were it supported the research by Bennett Levy and Marteau that there is a strong correlation surrounded by an appearance of an sentient being and vexation.IntroductionThe definition of a phobia is a persistent, abnormal, and irrational reverence of a specific thing or situation that compels one to repeal it, despite the conscious awareness that it is not dangerous.Explanations to how a phobia develops dissent between schools of psychology. The behaviorist hypothesis argues that phobias are learnt by classical learn and reinforced by operant conditioning. An experiment on phobias supporting the behaviourist theory was executed by Watson and Rayner in 1920. The aim of the experiment was to launch how classical conditioning could be applied to condition fear of a white rat into particular Albert, an 11 month old boy.The psychodynamic theory sees phobias resulting from the displacement of repressed impulses to an object or situation which becomes a focus for a phobia. Sigmund Freud speaks of an Oedipus complex which is where children of both sexes regard their father as an antagonist and competitor for the exclusive love of their mother. This is link up to phobias in the study of tiny Hans. Little Hans phobia of horses is due to the fact that he took pleasure in his father getting hurt by a horse, as it meant Little Hans could expect his mother all to himself.The cognitive theory states that people with phobias endure to focus on negative aspects of situations. The way people typically think, much(prenominal) as catastrophising, affects the likelihood of a fearful response. Tomarken et al (1989) supported this theory by finding the participants with phobias greatly overestimated the number of times fear related slides were followed by a shock.The biological theory states phobias tend to run in families which suggest a genetic component. Phobias related to survival, such(prenominal) as snakes, spiders, and heights, are much more common and much easier to induce in the science lab than other kinds of fears. Seligman proposed the Preparedness theory that states humans are genetically attached to respond rapidly to hazards in order to survive dangerous environments, therefore a result of evolutionary history. Consequently, the innate predisposition to fear these objects became an reconciling human trait. Ohman et al also said that more common phobias, such as heights and snakes, are based on things which may have threatened human survival in the past.While researching the biological theory, a decision was do to focus on this theory due to it having galore(postnominal) areas that one could explore. These included the study Bennett-Levy Marteau and Sharma.Bennett-Levy and Marteau (1984) showed there is a strong correlation between fear of small harmless animals and an animals appearance. Specifically it is seen that the amount of fear expressed is related to the extent of the difference from the human form. They did this by conducting surveys, and correlating 2 variables.A number of surveys correlating fears and phobias have also been done by Agras, Sylvester & Oliveau, 1969 Costello, 1982 Kirkpatrick, 1984.Sharma wrote a paper suggesting disgust and fear are closely related. Sharma observed many patients postpone or avoid a simple blood test, and was unsealed wheth er this was due to the test being painful or whether it just matt-up icky. Sharma wrote that fear and disgust are both one of the basketball team basic universal emotions, found in all cultures and societies as it is prerequisite for survival, fear tells us to run and disgust tells us to avoid contact.However, Sharma says that more or less people with the phobias of spiders or insects have greater disgust predisposition. Disgust sensitivity is a term used to describe a person who finds things terrible easier and quicker than the majority of other people.From the research by Bennett-Levy and Marteau, a questionnaire was made in order to be able to see the correlation between fear/deadliness and how disgusting the animal is.